Online learning versus traditional classroom learning

Online tuition versus conventional classroom attainmentDistance breeding is a set of technologies that provide students with the basic talking to of study material, inter supple communication between students and teachers in larn process, providing students with the possibility of independent work on development of study material, as well as in the learning process. Now the term exceed learning has become synonymous with e-learning or online learning, meaning, in fact, not save learning via the internet. Prerequisite for the issuance and subsequent development of distance learning was the expansion of the Internet technologies usage in all spheres of life and activities, including in bringing up. Study of Internet technologies and softw are for the Internet is an indispensable part of any high school (and sometimes school) program. Over time, the Internet has become not only an object of study, but also sour into an environment where you can enjoy full training applicants . According to The Differences Between Online and Traditional Classroom Educations (2010), modern computer telecommunications are able to provide noesis transfer and access to a variety of instructional information on a par, and sometimes much more effective than traditional teaching tools. Experiments urinate confirmed that the quality and structure of training courses, as well as the quality of teaching in distance education is often much fail than traditional forms of education. New electronic technologies such as interactive CDs CD-ROM, electronic bulletin boards, multimedia hypertext, accessible via the Internet, can not only ensure the active involvement of students in the learning process, but also allow you to manage this process in contrast from about traditional learning environments. The integration of sound, movement, visit and text creates a new unusually rich in its capabilities learning environment with the development of which will increase and the degree of st udents involvement in the learning process. Interactive features used in the LMS programs and delivery systems allow the information to adjust and even stimulate feedback, dialogue, and provide ongoing support, which is impossible in most traditional systems of education.According to E-learning vs Traditional Classroom Instruction (2010), distance learning allows solve several problems inherent in traditional teaching methods. Its main advantage is in solving the problem of access to education, which means general availability of educational resources regardless of geographic location. In addition to the advantages of geographical resigndom in choosing the drift of study, will solve the problem of availability, remote applied science has many other virtues. Pedagogical features of this technology include mainly independent work student at a convenient time for him. Thus, self-management training schedule makes it attractive for busy people who wish to obtain a second degree, or i mprove their skills. It should be mentioned that the same advantage is also a trap for those who believe that by studying distantly, you can work on educational material occasionally, from time to time. Typically, learning is constructed in such a way the student periodically receives from the teachers assignment for the review of the theoretical material, passing the final test, based on the theory and also, perhaps, pragmatical tasks. If the assignments and tests will not be delivered on time, the next stage lessons will not be sent to student. Besides that there are a subroutine of distance learning advantages among themFlexible schedule for student, it can even change the student himself, combining education with work and other activities, saving time on the road to the school or university.Typically, students are given the opportunity to communicate with an individual teacher or the author of the curriculum. Illustrations, diagrams, charts, presentations, online tests to incr ease the visibility of information, making learning fun. Often the cost of Internet education is much lower compared to full-time. There is also a unique proposition. Thus, the Internet University of Computer Science gives everyone a free education (choice of courses is also quite broad more than 180). Many institutions that provide services to distance education, after school has issued the relevant document. According to Somer Flaherty (2010), distance education (as, perhaps, any other) have its disadvantagesThe choice of specialties as long as enough is extensive most of them are related to computer technology or commerce.If you are more receptive to hearing information, distance learning, you may find it boring and difficult.If you cannot change live communication with the teacher and other students to correspond via email, online education is but suiting you.Due to the fact that distance education is gaining momentum, it is not always compete with the traditional. In the dis tance learning student only uses Internet technology in all types of training activities. A user to login, get access to learning materials (sometimes after the payment of course). Modern technologies allow place not only textual information but also pictures, video and audio. All of this is provided with convenient navigation system on sections of the course. There is typically in distance learning when student receives not only the layout of educational materials, and testing, but also communication with the teacher and other students. According to Somer Flaherty (2010), distance learning can be free radical or individual. There is not entirely correct view that distance learning students are not available techniques and teaching methods of group learning that, say, the students, existence away from each other, cannot fully communicate and engage in collaborative work. In fact, modern system to the proposed number of communication the same forums and chat populate have become a n integral part of the methodology. Another important point in the organization learning process is a way student and teacher communicating each other. Such interaction is organized synchronously or asynchronously. The first method provides for communication of students and teachers in real time. Basically, this uses the internal chat systems of distance learning. Sometimes, the system also contains tools for video conferencing. Asynchronous learning is carried out when the student and the teacher cannot communicate in real time, and then up to the organized, mainly by means of e-mail correspondence. It should be noted that teachers consultations (both synchronous and asynchronous) is a prerequisite of successful distance learning course, and without it learning will not be complete.In my feeling distance learning system give equal opportunities to pupils, students, civil and military professionals, the unemployed in all regions of the country and abroad to realize their human s afe to education and information. This system can be most adequately and flexibly respond to the needs of society and ensure the implementation of the constitutional right to education of every citizen. I am very sympathetic to the fact that in the heart of distance learning is the student. Considering my experience I can say that most information is remembered by a student with self-learning, independently. I strongly believe that distant learning is the future of education system.

Media Convergence: Advantages and Disadvantages

Media Convergence Advantages and DisadvantagesIntroductionThe electronic exaltedschool management of information that is girdling the creation has brought an end to the Gutenberg era. Transition from a st unmatcheds throw away world to a click away world has changed the way we live, interact, affableize and work. It has also changed the way we perceive goal, people, processes, objects i.e. life in short. The high speed network fabric has rendered geographical boundaries irrelevant.A few years back it may run through straitsed similar an idea by Slartibartfast from the legendary satellite of Margarathea(from the Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy) precisely with the orgasm of technological platforms this aint a far-fetched idea any longer except is the reality of the present clips.It all began with the technological outburst which direct to the availability of variant platforms that helped to efficiently maximize the transfer of information. The degree of separation betwee n the company and the consumer has reduced considerably. soft touching RedefinedBranding is no longer the let of the larger conglomerates or the big pockets. With the advent of technology and the significant reduction in the costs associated with branding, smaller companies that atomic number 18 taking branding seriously wee cropped up like mushrooms. The competition is much tougher and in that location is this race of owning properties both online and real to cut out the competition. In the context of cavorts we can take the sheath of the Indian Premier League (IPL) the largest sport event in India this year. So there would be sponsors for IPL who would demand exclusivity. This is applicable across industriousness sectors- say a sponsor of something like MTV Roadies who would end up owning the inwardness rights of the show- just to kick competition out of the advertising sphere for the show.The appargonnt movements that loom large are Has the traditional media died? or Has it just reduced to a mere brooking media? or Have the rules of the game changed? or Is it a new game altogether?Brand experience is both emotional and functional. It is non only a promise that a company makes, or an assurance to the quality of the product as mentioned by Aaker(1991) but it also has a psychological role to play. They make you feel good well-nigh yourself or are an expression of yourself. They also fulfil social needs like a sense of affiliation or belongingness to a community or a group of people who think alike.The very incident that names like Arsenal, Manchester United of the English Premier League (EPL) are household names in a country like India where nothing but Cricket sells, shows the growth of sports branding. This phenomenon has been more evident in the recent past all because of the media convergence (Kerr,2008). There are fan communities where people can dispute their teams, interact with people with similar public opinions, vent their anger when a p layer does not perform and share their grief when their team loses. The arrival of sport im single-valued function has provided a medium to the broadcasters to telecast all kinds of sports and not just cricket. There is as much of motor sports, basketball, tennis and football as there is cricket.The pursualion that pops up next is, what is the brand? Is it the player, the ordering or is it Football the game itself? If yes, how has a little white ball and a green field shake up the most victoryful brand principles that has led to true brand management?The concept of a sport creation a brand may sound a little ridiculous at first, but the figures dont lie. A Brand Finance survey conducted in 2005 revealed that Manchester United had a brand value of 197m, Liverpool a value of 156m, Chelsea 137m and Arsenal a brand value of 115mn.Indian Premier League (IPL) The Sport Renaissance in IndiaIndia has two primary religions Bollywood and Cricket. The only differentiating ingredient th at sets sports frolic apart from the rest is the passion that it commands and the real time execution. The cricket economy world over is 1bn USD to which India contributes to more than 60%. This includes revenues from ticket sales, sponsorship, endorsements and broadcasting rights.In 2008 the remote wars in the households in India had struck a truce as all the members in the family were glued onto one thing -the IPL for their own different cases. Be it the glamour, be it the sport, be it the uniqueness of the concept or be it the hype around the event, IPL redefined amusement. The General Entertainment Channels (GECs) observed a huge autumn in the Television Rating Points. Nothing had grabbed the attention of the masses the classes at such a scale eer before.Next year IPL struck again-grander and better. The GECs slow up the launch of new shows as they were sure they had nothing that could compete against the IPL. Such is the potential for the Sport manufacture in India.Th e IPL 09 had rung the death knell of the total arena of player management in India as small size sponsors signed the outflank of the players in the Indian team for a year at dead cheap prices. This fiasco happened due to the deals that the IPL Franchise had with these sponsors and the players were bound by it. This was the reason why we saw Master Blaster Sachin, Zaheer and Harbhajan promoting Luminous Invertors and Sehwaag advertising for Jetkings an equipment computer hardware manufacturer. Is it truly about club over country?The club format brought to the public light through the IPL has shattered the myth that sports in India is about depicted object identity and patriotism? In the auction the highest bid jersey was not that of Tendulkar or Ganguly, it was Khans 11.It has given rise to a lot of questions What is it that makes a person support the Mumbai Indians or the Kolkatta Knight Riders? Is it Sachin, Sehwag, Shilpa or Shahrukh? Is it the success of the team or the strat egy that they employ when at the field? The otherwise areas of concern would be has this concept of IPL revolutionized the way sport is consumed in India? Will the spectators be interested in an IPL match over India vs Pakistan Test Match?The Moment of Truth in the IPL that made its success eminent was the fact that the crowd actually cheered when Sachin was bowled by Bret Lee. This is an indicator of the fact that sports in India is in the throes of evolution. People are open to accepting it as an entertainment plectrum than a patriotic struggle. Literature ReviewWhat is Media Convergence?Britannica Encyclopaedia says, Media Convergence is a phenomenon that involves the interlocking of computing and information technology companies, telecommunication networks and capability providers from the various media platforms like magazines, newspapers, radio, television, films and the likes. It also says that Media Convergence is the confluence of the 3 Cs Communication, Content and Com puting.According to Henry Jenkins who is a highly respected media psychoanalyst and one of the foremost leading experts on the convergence culture paradigm, as well as, the DeFlorz Professor of Humanities and the Founder and Director of the Comparative Media Studies Program at MIT states that, the flow of matter across multiple media platforms, the cooperation between multiple media industries, and the migratory behaviour of media auditory modalitys is what constitutes media convergence. It is not just the confluence of the traditional and the new digital media but it is also about the unpredictable ways of interaction and fellowship of the consumers and producers of media. It is not solely technological but there is a huge gamut of socio- pagan paradigm shifts that study changed the way the consumer evaluates a product, makes his decision and his social interactions to seek information. It also includes the experience that the producer of the media makes the consumer go throug h (Viau, 2001).The world is witnessing the new forms of media in which they have a larger control over the types of feeds they receive, the ease with which they can interact with not just the media but with the media provider as well. This has brought a integral new dimension of competition to the traditional media platforms. This has also led to a lack of dependence of the consumers on any particular media which in turn translates to lesser trustyty.Benefits of Media ConvergenceThe content creators can use the platform to generate customized content that is targeted at a specific group.This has also brought about a change in the dynamics of economy as distribution and cost structure is not the same in traditional media.It has brought about a sense of Post modernism to the field of media consumption where the consumer is not an audience but is also a co creator.This has also brought about a change in the experience that a person goes through by consuming media. It has transcended the limitations of the traditional media.Negatives of Media ConvergenceThis has brought in a certain amount of unpredictability in the responses that a media would receive. With the audience macrocosm exposed to a superfluity of media platforms it gets tough to understand what has had what kind of effect on the consumer.Media Convergence has brought about a shift in the control that the content creator had over its property. With the advent of blogs, mobiles and emails the consumers are exposed to large amount of unbranded content. This has led to an increase in the competition for consumers time and attention that the content creators face.Is Sport an Industry?Does sedulousness necessarily comprise of a product or service? NO It could be an offering that is neither of the two but is consumed by the people. Entertainment is an industry and so is religion. Thus Sport is an industry too which comprises of selling sports or selling through sports. Be it the events, leagues and the tickets to view these or the marketing of products through sports- which would include merc touchize, licensing and sponsorship (Mason, 1999).The figure below represents a model of the Sport IndustryParallels can be drawn between Sports and a Consumer Product. at a lower place is a representation of the value chain of the sports industry.Sport as a product can be consumed in different ways- playing, visiting, reading or being entertained by it. The level of involvement of the consumers -fans in the sports jargon, differs for each of the way.Football is a trillion dollar industry. The sport has a long heritage in UK and has the most prestigious premiership in the world and has attracted players from all four corners of the globe. Most importantly, football inspires passion and the big four, Chelsea Arsenal, Manchester United and Liverpool FC, are among the most valuable brands in the country, says Ruth Mortimer- a sports marketing blog owner.What is a Sports Brand?What constitutes a sports brand is questionable. It depends on what the product is? Is the league a product or is it the clubs in the league that constitute the product (Goldman, 1989 Grauer, 1983 1989 Gray, 1987)? It is argued that the league can be taken as a cartel of these entities i.e. the clubs. This would determine the marketing strategies for the league and the clubs. only if whatever the case be both are brands in themselves.If football is the category EPL can be taken as the Umbrella Brand and the clubs like Manchester United, Chelsea and the likes would constitute the sub brands. Even the players would be brands in their own respect. If Beckham is the brand then it is dedicated, suave and down to earth (Milligan, 2004). Manchester United stands for excitement and great entertainment all so because right from Cantona to Giggs to Rooney and Ronaldo, the club has stalwarts who are both excellent at the game and are trend setters in their own way. Hence there is a clearly identifiable brand proposition (Baeur et al, 2005).How are sport brands different from the product brands?NBA Franchise was the first to realize the potential of brand expression and what organized marketing can do to fuel revenue generation. Andy Mulligan(2009), says, Brands are often, somewhat lazily by some people, equated with pure commercialism and worse mute with a kind of fluffy marketing that is about spin and not substance. He is of the view that though Sport is a huge industry, managing teams is not in the least similar to managing a business. The very premise that a business is a tradable property sets it apart. A team is a repository of emotional associations that fans world over share and build. Hence sports team is not a business but it could definitely be a brand as its an identity and a promise that the consumers believe in and an experience that they live.The association of a spectator with a specific club is enhanced by the collaborative play of local, depicted object or emotion al identifications (Whannel, 1992, p. 199) or by the un-certainty of the outcome of the game (Clapson, 1992).The degree of association of the club and the spectator is so high that he develops a safe sense of affiliation with the club. He feels proud and celebrates the victories and is all gloomy over the losses. This phenomenon has been termed as Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRG) (Cialdini et al., 1976).Media and SportsThe globalization, the opening up of trade barriers, this era of media convergence, the popity of the internet, and the ever increasing depend of netizens has revolutionized the sports industry. The advancements in communication technology provide omniscient access to all kinds of leagues that a team plays in. This coupled with the 24X7 dedicated sport convey has opened up a unit new arena of entertainment.Today the English Premier League and Formula 1 are as popular in the Asia Pacific as they are in Europe. Earlier people used to watch just the league finals bu t now they have the election to follow their favourite teams irrespective of their geographic location and time. The qualifiers for the Champions League or the NASCAR have a sizeable number of viewers as does the grand finale.When substantial Madrid signed the superstar David Beckham, the live telecast of the ceremony attracted more than 2 million eyeballs (Hatfield, 2003).Games of Houston Rockets had a viewership of over 30 million Chinese viewers who tuned in just to watch Yao Ming- their fellow citizen battle the National Basketball Associations (NBA) finest (Larmer, 2005).Manchester United has a huge fan al-Qaida of close to 24 million in China alone which is more than the number of viewers in Britain. More than half a billion people tune in to watch the weekly games world over. (Datson, 2004).The popularity that these sports command has attracted the attention of sponsors and advertisers. The teams themselves have realized the large potential that the world of marketing has in store. They have capitalized on this opportunity and the audience sentiment by branding themselves. They have a prominent presence across the various levels, be it Below the Line or Above the Line. We have Team Anthems, Jerseys, Videos, Events, Parties, Posters- ALL OF ITManchester Uniteds branded licensed jerseys sell more in the USA as compared to all the other Major League Soccer (MLS) clubs combined. The number of hardcore fans has been approximated to a good 4 million in North America alone.Japanese tour groups spent US$500 million on just the tickets and souvenirs from the New York Yankees. All so to watch Hideki Matsui the outfielder from Japan. This was more than five times what the presence of Ichiro Suzuki in Seattle Mariners generated (Whiting, 2003).Internet statistics tell the same story. There are more satellite fans to the NBA. 40% of visitors to the website log on from outside the States and a humongous 20% of the licensed merchandise is sold overseas (Eisenberg e t al., 2003).Global Sports Industry RecessionWhen the whole world is in the throes of recession, sports is one industry sector that has not been as badly affected as the others and was quick enough to recant back within a year. Loss of sponsorship, events being cancelled, biggies withdrawing from the arena these are some of the development the sports industry has witnessed in the recent past. On one hand we have been witnessing things likeHonda, Kawasaki and Subaru withdrawn from motorsportManchester United lose 56 million AIG shirt sponsorshipUS National Football League indicates it will cut hands by 10%Tiger Woods loses five year $8 million endorsement contract with BuickVancouver 2010 Olympic Games takes out additional $800 million contribute to cover financial shortfall2009 Indian Masters golf tournament cancelledArena Football League in US cancelled for the hardenOn the other hand the world witnessed the largest ever viewership and increasing advertisingspendTV viewership increased to 1 million (97.4m to 98.4m) advertising investment up $20 million (from $186 million to $206 million) at the Super bowl 2009Manchester City sold for 200million+ in summer 2008Premier League signs new live TV rights deal for 1.78 billion, surpassing previous dealBadminton England signs record-breaking sponsorship deal with YonexManchester United and City will both sign salaried, record-breaking shirt sponsorship deals if the rumors are to be believedSports Scenario in IndiaThe Sports arena in India has been dominated by cricket for quite some time now. but with the converging media and the Westernization sports like soccer, basketball, motor racing have observed an increasing fan base.A look at the Audience and Viewership data from TAM is enough to prove this point. Cricket is followed by soccer, tennis and wrestling. The reason for the monopoly of cricket is simple.Cricket is the only sport where India has made a mark in the International arena and which still holds ho pe for Indians to win over others. This has provided it the experimental condition of religion in India.The other popular sports would include Soccer, Tennis and Motor Sports as revealed by a TAM report. This marks the herald of a whole new era of sports entertainment and marketing. Below is an overview of the size of the sports industry in IndiaIPL- The Story so FarIndia has two religions Bollywood and Cricket and the whole country was overawed when the two joined hands. IPL is all about glamour, excitement and passion.It works on a franchise model where each of team is owned by an industrialist, a celebrity or is a joint venture. There was an auction to own the clubs and then there was an auction to make the team and select the players. This was the golden time for the Cricket Board in India as it made a lot of profits. Franchise rights were tendered with a reserve price of USD 50mn for 10 yrs. The owners get a function of the revenue that the team earns and has other streams l ike merchandising to mint money from too.The primary difference between the IPL and the English Premier League was the fact that in IPL there was a cap on the amount of money that could be spent in building a team. Unlike EPL where the teams that are backed by the deeper pockets manage to procure the best of the players and end up winning the tournaments and the others are a t a competitive disadvantage.Apart from this sponsorship on Television and the underfur constitutes a huge chunk of the revenues that the board and the team earn. The IPL website had 50mn page views in the first week and had received 530,000 column cm of stuff written about it in the newspapers in the Season 1.The opening match in Delhi had a Television Rating Point(TRP) of 7.19 which was the highest for any event in India ever. It had a TRP of 6.7 amongst women which is a ample number considering the fact that Indian women are generally not much into watching sports.Thus we see that it aint just a mere enter tainment option but is an industry in itself.The Need GapThe clubs are no longer just teams whose players lend it its brand value. There is a huge industry of sports merchandize, events and the likes that thrives on this its a culture in itself. Keeping this in mind I plan to study formats like the EPL and NBA which are brands in themselves and arrive at the factors that lead to the success of such brands.India as a nation provides huge potential to market these brands. It is not just the passion for the sport or the sentiment of belongingness to a particular nation that commands loyalty. There are several other factors that have converted sports clubs or teams into one of the most valued brands world over. thereof there is a knowledge gap that exists. It is to study what these factors are and what are the things that affect these factors?Parallels can be drawn between the sports industry in India and in nations abroad which in turn would help marketing sports, teams and clubs as brands in a nation like India- which is a burgeoning economy and holds great prospects for such brands. search ObjectivesTo understand how sports branding has grown as an industry in the West, taking EPL, NBA, Formula 1 as a case study.To understand the consumer perception of sports as a brand in India by conducting a research amongst the audiencesTo understand how media convergence has led to the popularity and the cult like fan following of Western sports in IndiaTo analyze the Indian sports industry and devise a marketing strategy for building a sports brand in the Indian context seek methodologyResearch DesignA fan represents an association from which the individual derives considerable emotional and value significance (Madrigal, 1995, pp. 209-210). Thus it is not equivalent to being a spectator. Therefore to understand their behaviour and attitude statistical data about what they watch and how often do they watch does not help in the quest to understand what makes them a fan.T herefore the research methodology would be a mix of quantitative and soft as both have their own advantages and contributions to make this study more fruitful.Quantitative studies use the deductive logic to explain social facts (Horna, 1994, p. 121) and thus would help in understanding the behavioural component. This would help in understanding what the crowd constitutes of and what are the primary scalable attitudes exhibited by them. But this fails to explain the underlying reasons for such behaviour, things that differentiate a fan from a spectator. Thus, qualitative study becomes important too.Qualitative methods help in exploring the cognitive components. It also helps explaining the longitudinal behaviour of things rather than a mere snapshot of the present scenario which could be gauged from the quantitative.In depth interviews would be the preferred technique as we seek to understand the reasons why an individual behaves the way he does and not really the incarnate opinio n of a group.The quantitative research can be carried out by administering a questionnaire online and in person. Some statistics can also be self-collected from the various databases and research data available publicly.SamplingThe research aims to understand how the emergence of media affected the attitude of the people towards Sports in general and the club culture in particular. It is conducted to understand what is it that makes them commit their loyalties to a particular team and how does this affect the economics of the industry.Only SEC A and B are considered based on the assumption that the SECs lower than this dont contribute much. Females have been considered as recent researches show that there are an increasing number of women who have started following sports and participating in it. Hence their opinion and perception could be a valuable contribution.Expected ContributionAfter studying the responses from the sample, the research would help arrive at answers to various questions regarding the future of the sports industry in India. Questions like where is the industry headed? What kind of sport would sell? How do the sports brands communicate to the people? How has the convergence of media affected their understanding of the sports industry?Apart from this it would help brand managers and sports consultants to design the branding strategies for the various sports brands so that they can sustain themselves in this highly competitive and unpredictable market.Secondary Research Marketing of Professional SportsProfessional sports started with the leagues specializing in one kind of sport which would run for a season and the league enjoyed a monopoly in the arena. But with the advent of infrastructural facilities and increased investments in the industry of sport management there are multiple leagues fighting for the share of eye and heart. They fight for consumers who have a plethora of other entertainment options to select from. Thus the competition in not limited to just the sports industry but is with the larger entertainment industry (Grauer, 1989).The one thing that makes professional sports appealing to the audiences is the uncertainty of the results. The adrenaline rush that the spectator experiences with every passing minute is dramatic and cannot be derived from staged content.Like other forms of entertainment, sport offers a utopia, a world where everything is simple, dramatic and exciting, and euphoria is always a possibility Sport entertains, but can also frustrate, annoy and depress. But it is this very uncertainty that gives its unpredictable joys their characteristic intensity (Whannel,1992, p. 199).The intensity of appeal and engagement with the sport is further enhanced by the association that an individual has with the sport and if there are stakes that he has in the outcome. The concept of Basking in Reflected Glory(BRIG) talks about the highest degree of association where a fan is a loyal even if the team do es not perform well(Cialdini, 1976).Initially the sports leagues were owned by individuals or entrepreneurs but with the growing popularity it has achieved the status of an industry and has been successful in attracting corporate and has taken a more formal structure than a mere source of entertainment. It is due to the involvement of these corporations outside the realm of professional sports management that has brought in newer revenue streams like merchandizing and sponsorships. This model of corporate ownership of a league or a club was started in the USA and was later adopted by the leagues in the continents of Europe and Australia. The biggest advantage of this is that the teams are backed by deep pockets and investment into a team is a part of the investment portfolio of the corporation and not the main business area. Companies like Blockbuster, Disney and Turner from the North American industry of entertainment and broadcasting have benefitted from their presence in profess ional sports (Cousens and Slack, 1996). This has also helped Rupert Murdoch to sum up his empire across the globe. This has also helped in attracting better players as the salaries are far better, improved facilities to train and huge advertising expenditures to build the fan base.The corporations are not buying into the uncertainty of the game by owning a team but are using the reputation of the team to fuel their interests. For example the conformity between FOX network and the National Football League was not really a profitable venture for the broadcast network as it had to overbid to acquire the rights but as Murdoch puts it, it has made FOX a real network in the US(Swift, 1995).Globalization of the LeaguesProfessional sports leagues are now a part of the powerful recreation and entertainment sector of the economy. In addition, sports have delocalised the global marketplace has made sports less attached to specific places, particularly those which have world-wide appeal, such as football and basketball (Euchner, 1993). Satellite TV and Internet has sped up the delocalization of professional sports by making the content available across the globe in real time.The total income of the Big 5 football leagues in Europe in the year 2005-06 was 12.6 billion ($18.54 billion) (Deloitte and Touche 2007), out of which the Barclays English Premier League(EPL) was the largest contributor, generating revenues as high as 2 billion.The most sought after customers of the industry would be the fans as they are loyal and facilitate generating the revenues required to rope in the best players and management. The media analysts refer the players, the clubs and the leagues as the brand (Globalisation of the league, Dr. Bridgewater, 2007). The brands in this industry are not same as the rest but there are strategies that remain the same. When a FMCG brand has to be made global, what companies generally do is start operations in the country where they would like to have a pre sence. Similarly, the leagues involve other nations or players that have a different nationality to increase the audience base which in turn would lead to building up the fan base which constitutes the target fragment for the merchandise.For example the National Football League (NFL) in the USA announced the first competitive game between the Miami Dolphins and the New York Giants in October 2007, more than a 50,000 tickets were sold within 3 days of the announcement. The buyers comprised of local and expatriate fans. This is representative of the fact that there is huge potential in this industry sector.The number of E Loyals- people who dont hold a season ticket or have been to watch a live match but support the game and the club as they have been exposed to it online or on TV- has been rising in the last few years. They are a segment that is as likely to buy the merchandise as a fan who is a regular at the stadium. Pennants, caps, shirts, flags, bands and other team branded arti cles are what have led to an increase in the revenues and facilitated penetration in other geographic markets (Cousens and Slack, 1996).English Premier League (EPL) -A Case StudyEnglish Premier League is a leading association of professional football clubs in the European Union. It has 20 clubs that play in the league every year and follows the system of relegation. Each of these clubs is a shareholder to the league. The EPL came into mankind in 1992 when the First Division in the Football League decided to part ways from the Football League as it had struck a lucrative deal for television broadcast rights. It has the largest revenues in the football arena, close to a $4mn in 2007-08. It is perceived to be more glamorous, entertaining and action centred as compared to the rest of the European Leagues like the Serie A and La Liga in Spain. Premier League has undoubtedly grown to be a global brand.The global fan base of the leading international football brands such as Real Madrid an d Manchester United runs in millions of British Pounds and shows no sign of waning (Deloitte Football notes League,2008)What is it that determines a persons identification with a club?A Research conducted in 2002 has identified 5 important factors that govern the association of fans with the team. These are primarilythe support that the team gathers at the venuethe management of the teamthe traditions, values, legacy that it entailsthe social entertainment factor i.e. the fan community that it h

Human resources management: Lloyds TSB Group

pitying preferences trouble Lloyds TSB comp whatsoeverINTRODUCTIONA gilds growth commode norm eachy happen in one of the two ways. Organic or inorganic growth. Merger and acquisition mainly results from inorganic growth. In the early 1990s, in that location was a great profit in the number of conjugations and acquisitions in the banking industry.Lloyds TSB has recently grown through a that acquisition. By acquiring HBOS (Halifax/Bank of Scotland) plc, the Lloyds Banking Group has become the largest retail bank in the UK. Around half of only people in the UK (30 million) now bank with the Lloyds Banking Group. The sort has the largest branch entanglement of any UK bank and 140,000 staff. The acquisition overly means that the unsanded group has a broader range of expertise with multiple brands under its banner. It is a more than diverse business, with wholeer commercialise presence in bailiwicks such as mortgages, insurance, finance and investments. With refer to this merger and acquisitions h experienced major(ip) agreemental behavior ch all in allenges such as agitate of Human Resources Management, Culture, Conflict and transmit over within the organisational for managers at various levels of the firms involved.This paper attempts to chronicle the acquisition of HBOS bank by Lloyds TSB bank that tried to create the UKs jumper ladder financial services group. Unlike previously written papers that describe the act of the firm ahead and later the acquisition, this paper counsellinges on the mankind resources c be, culture, mesh and change issues involved in the acquisition before and after the acquisition is completed. This paper tries to explain the brass sectional behavior of the acquired banks personnel and what their expectations, fears, hopes, and beliefs are before and after the transaction takes place.1.0 Background of Lloyds TSB GroupLloyds TSB is a leading UK ignorantd financial services group providing a wide range of banking and financial services, primarily in the UK, to personal and corporate customers. The main business activities are retail, commercial and corporate banking, general insurance, and manners, pensions and investment pro mess. The Group has a large and diversified customer fundament and services are offered through a number of well recognized brands (Lloyds TSB, Cheltenham Gloucester, Scottish Widows), and via a unique distribution capability comprising one of the largest branch networks in the UK and in borderediary channels. On January 16, 2009, Lloyds Banking Group plc acquired HBOS plc. In November 2009, The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation completed the acquisition of Insight Investment Management Limited from the Company.Lloyds TSB Group is quoted on the London Stock Exchange and is one of the largest companies within the FTSE nose candy, with a market capitalization of 26.7 gazillion on 31 December 2007. At the end of 2007 sum of money group assets were 353 b illion and the Group has nearly 70,000 employees. Total income for the 12 months to 31 December 2007 was 18 billion with profit before tax totaling 4 billion.The group activities are organized into three businesses UK Retail Banking, Insurance and Investments and Wholesale and world-wide Banking.Question (i)2.0 Human Resource ManagementHuman Resources Management (HRM) stool prank a very important role in the success of HBOS merger. HRM is acting an important source of the input while evaluating whether to go ahead with a attached merger or non. correspond to Carter McNamara The HRM run away includes a variety of activities, and key among them is deciding what staffing holds you have and whether to use in strung-out contractors or hire employees to take on these needs, recruiting and training the best employees, ensuring they are high performers, dealing with performance issues, and ensuring your personnel and management practices conform to various regulations. figureiviti es too include managing your approach to employee benefits and compensation, employee records and personnel policies. (Carter McNamara, 2009)2.1Challenges approach by new organization2.1.1HR policiesHRM help in ensuring that the employees of acquired new organization remain motivated after the merger. According to the fisher (1989), transfer of the HRM practices raise be difficult in organizations with antithetic cultures compared to transfer of new(prenominal) resources like engine room, capital and others. But this does not deter the transfer of HRM practices. It is further important to divers(prenominal)iate amid the requirements of various organizations and it is not necessary a uniform indemnity groundwork be successful across the broad. afterwards the merger, HR policies are directed focus at two directions. The first one, is to achieve desegregation and provide a good working(a) purlieu through a good compensation policy and training programs. Secondly, the main objective of the HR policies is to meet broader objective like bringing about a culture change in the organization.According to Fisher (1989), immediately after merger in that respect is focus to make the operations move profitability and harvest-feastive, as a result to focus on close operations and cutting costs. One of the key tool applied is downsizing the workforce. So, new management uses merger an opportunity to implement some of the difficult closes in some(prenominal) the acquired and acquirer organization.2.1.2Changing new strategyThe merger is essential to define new common strategies to align the new organization towards its new vision. According to Recklies (2001), the vision of the merged organization is one of the first issues to be addressed before merger stage of the go of the transaction. The Lloyds TSB is necessary to align the HRM strategy of the new organization with the MA strategy. According to Aguilera and Dencker (2004) the undermentioned conceptual t ools have been used to discern the key HRM challenges in MA keyResources- people and capitalProcesses- activities involved in converting inputs to outputValues- employees mode of thinkingTable 1 Comparison of various merger strategic based on certain(a) conceptual tools in the new organizationHR toolsOvercapacity strategyProduct/market Extension strategySubstitute to RD strategyResourcesReduce in manpower. furlough strategy is essential for achieving sparing of scale.Reserve of manpower as the managers of the two organizations specializes in divergent function.Reserve of employees in order to facilitate sharing of technology and knowlight-emitting diodege.ProcessesProcesses are similar and not much changes are required.Processes are different and their integration is one of the key issues for the success in the merger. Training system can help in this regard.Processes of the fighting(a) organization are different and need to be aligned with the help of training to help on trans fer of knowledge.ValueDifferences in set are not much different if the organization is operating in the same geography and market.Values are differences and should be amalgamated smoothly.Value is similar and can be aligned easily.2.1.3 Structure issuesDue to the acquisition with HBOS, this is an important decision to be made by HR during the integration of the merger is determination of the management organise. According to Anderson (1998), this is a decision that should be made as soon as the deal for the merger is signed by some(prenominal) the parties to avoid astonishment among the manager about their roles in the new organization. A centralized structure with well defined relationships is necessary in order to enable quick decision making and accountability among the managers. Conflicts are likely to go along while designing the organizational structure due to the assignment of positions in the pecking order. This can be encumbered to certain extent by ensuring the man agers from both(prenominal) the organizations are present in the different layers of the organization. The determination of the hierarchy of the organizations should be purely based on the merit.2.1.4 Leadership issuesAfter the merger, a new clear leadership allow for be appointed. These appointments are subject to formal FSA approval and depart become effective upon the completion of the HBOS acquisition. (Source from Lloyds TSB turn on release) According to Sitkin and Pablo (2004), a clear leadership has a positive impact on the employees of the organization. Leadership includes the individual leader of the organization at the top and both the top management. According to De Georgio (2003), the management is likely to face the barriers while deciding the leaders of the organizationLack of timeLack of information about candidates from the other organizationCulture conflictSplit in the differences in culture, the leader should be able to communicate the mission, values and visio n of the organization successfully to the employees.2.1.5 Downsizing and persisting key talentThe merger usually results to redundant people. The objective of the new entity is to persist with the most capable person regardless of the original company they belong in. The process is not based on the objective measures and fairness it could change the attitude of employees towards the merger and employees may not look at it favorable. This will make employee focus on their personal job security and worries rather than on the larger organizational objectives.The management is reluctant to communicate with the employees of these issues in before merging stage. Any failure in the communicating or vague communication will makes the employees uncertain about their career and future role in the organization. They may seek other information source like informal communication and rumors which has a very negative impact on their performance and also will growth the anxiety. The only way to so lve this matter for the management is to open a frequent channel of communication with the employees. Regular and honest communication can stabilizing the effect on the employees. For more effective in the communication, the management should address the issues that are most relevant to the employee such as layoffs, compensation, change in benefits and change in responsibilities.2.1.6 Culture integration issuesThe new organization will faced culture integration issue. Where, this is the toughest matter that companies face in merger is the two different cultures. According to Bowick who lead the HR through the HP-deal merger deal day its critical to get people speaking the same language. For instance, spy the people at both organizations were using the term customer solution, but it meant different thing to each of them. In order to solve culture integration, HR management needs to be the first to identify the disconnexion and get discussion. The role of HR in the whole merger proce ss has endurene changes in coursen the failures in number of deals that due to problems in heathen integration. (Bowick, 2002)The key role of the HR manager will face after merging phase is to identify the mission, vision, values and culture that the organization plan to implement. These activities of HR manager in the integration process is include the aligning and defining employees with the strategies vision, developing effective communication channel, integration philosophy, conflict management and defining uniform HR practices across the whole entity.The HR managers need to make a proper judgment of the new organizations culture. thither is also a trend that the HR executive needs interviews with the senior management of the new organization to evaluate the leadership qualities. HR Executive also need to create a profile of the best practices of the organization and compare it with their own staff to identify similarities and differences. Besides that, HR executives also nee d to identify common points in the two culture from where they can base the whole process of the integration after the acquisition.2.1.7 Conflict managementConflict is likely to occur almost the employees in the after merging phase. HR manager need to keep in place on conflict resolution and escalation plan. It is also amenable for organizing training the managers in conflict management. Conflict can a lot arise due to culture differences, control, structure, not clear demarcation of role and responsibilities, organizational hierarchy and miscommunication. Through these issue of conflict resolution will be part of the integration plan the HR should be ready for contingencies.Question (ii)3.0 Culture geological formation can be conduct in many ways such as culture, virtual, organism, brain, political system and so on. Organizational culture is the first issues that they need to consider to acquisition HBOS. Organization culture refers to the general culture within an organization, and is eternally also referred to as corporate culture, though that isnt the best description since a large non-profit organization or charity could also have its own organizational culture blush though they are definitely not corporations. Gareth Morgan has draw organizational culture as The set of the set of beliefs, values, and norms, together with symbols like dramatized events and personalities that represents the unique character of an organization, and provides the context for action in it and by it. (Morgan, 1997) infix 1- shipway of seeing an organization (2006 p.139 fig.5.4) Brooks claims there are many ways of seeing an organization.OrganismVirtualOrganizational is a.BrainCulture governmental SystemMachineThe Lloyds TSB takeover of HBOS is not only means merging of two different financial organizations but also an acquisition of two different cultures. The new management have to be ready to facing new challenges when the two organisations are merging. Bicultural audi t is important for the merging of two organisations culture. This audit produces selective information for starting work platform, strategy required for successful merger. The three types are as followsIdentification of cultural gap- Is comparing the values, vision and management behaviour for both companies, this phase recognizes the gap.Analysis of cultural gap- This phase brings out the similarities and dissimilarities between the two organizational cultures.Culture bridging- Refer to the basis of the above two informations the data management team can start the bridging of culture process.(Bicultural Audit, by Richard Cook)3.1 The Cultural perspectiveAccording to Brooks I (2006 p.140) Culture and organization can be viewed as an iceberg, a metaphor which suggests you to see on the surface masks a much deeper, mystical and powerful reality.Lloyds TSBHBOSIt seen that though Lloyds TSB, they have merged with many companies in previously, they were all similar culture so that the or iginal culture of Lloyds TSB is still stayed undiluted. (Source Company Corporate Responsibility Review 2007, drop Employee Satisfaction Surveys and Media Articles)Lloyds TSB is based on Artifacts enhance talented people through tough selection procedure.Customer oriented.Employees rewarded on the basis of client satisfaction.Create framework for employee clear learning and future needs. digest personal development programs for employees.Their Anglo-Scottish merger earlier between Halifax and Bank of Scotland however it seems have resulted in dilution of both cultures. (Source Company Corporate Responsibility Review 2007, VAULT Employee Satisfaction Surveys and Media Articles)HBOS is based on ValuesMarket savvy.Younger.Mortgage expertise.Rewards-oriented company.3.2 Type of Culture between Lloyds TSB and HBOSLloyds TSBHBOSLloyds TSB is based on role culturedProduce more output in good environment.Strong banking system.HBOS is based on task culturedFocused on goals.Work in team.It s eems there are cultural differences between Lloyds TSB and HBOS, due to these culture differences it can make misunderstandings, fuelled emotional reactions, and conflicts. This can conduct to negative attitudes by the key top managers and be a major obstacle to the successful integration of the two organizations. Cultural differences will appear to be a critical factor in creating such an atmosphere and obtaining peoples cooperation.Figure 2 As per Deal Kennedy Feedback-Rise ModelHigh adventureHBOS High Risk High Feedback Bet your company cultureHigh RiskLloyds TSB-Low Risk-High Feedback-Process driven cultureFeedbackHighAs per Hofstedes make model (Source Social Responsibility Report 07/08)Lloyds TSBHBOSPower distanceHigh-DisciplinedLow-Acceptance of responsibilityUncertainty AvoidanceHigh- precisionLow- Basic innovationsCollectivism vs. IndividualismHigh-Employee commitmentLow- Management mobilityMasculinity vs. FeminityHigh-Mass production, efficiency and bulk chemistryLow- P ersonal service, custom made products and biochemistryLong vs. Short term orientationHigh- Developing marketsLow- Fast adaptation4.0 ConflictIs process that begins when an organization or fellowship perceives differences and opposition between itself and another organization or party about interest and resources, belief, values or practices that matter to them. According to Gareth R. Jones and Jennifer M. Georges, conflict is the discord that arises when the goals, interests or values of different individuals or groups are incompatible and those individuals or groups block or thwart one anothers attempts to achieve their objective. (Gareth R. Jones and M. George, 2008)4.1 imperative of conflict4.1.1 Clarification of viewThe Boards of HBOS and Lloyds TSB believe that the Acquisition is a compelling business confederacy which offers substantial benefits for shareholders and customers. at that place is a clarification of view in the Acquisition is accelerates to build the UKs leadi ng financial services company by focusing on developing sustainable earnings streams, based on deep customer relationships.4.1.2 A chance for people to test their capabilitiesThe group has ex jail cellular phoneent breadth and residue with strong positions in Retail, Corporate Banking, SME Business Banking and Long Term Savings. The group will have a substantial direct personal customer base and the means to unlock the significant commercial opportunities offered by Lloyds TSBs and HBOSs. The combined group will benefit from a portfolio of strong and trusted brands including Bank of Scotland, Halifax, CG and Scottish Widows. With these strong trusted brands, customers have more confident to choices or try the different products that the new organization offers.4.1.3 Long-standing problems brought to the surface and resolvedNormally, cost synergies relieves are always a long-term issues for organization to solve, with the merger with HBOS will lead to an additional contribution t o earnings before tax from cost synergies significantly in exorbitance of 1 billion per year.4.1.4 To produce better ideaThe Acquisition brings together two of the leading retailers in UK financial services, with strengths in customer relationship management, product design, branch sales processes and in telephone and internet banking through stimulate sustainability competitive advantage in banking industry.4.2 Conflict comparison between Lloyds and HBOS4.2.1 Differences in informationLloyds TSBRemains to grow the business through developing long-term customer relationships and building customer franchise.HBOSDelivering growth in profits to its many shareholders and transparent, fair, value-for-money products and services to its customers.Positive ArgumentPerception is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting and organizing sensory information to achieve the organizational goals. The important of perception is to find innovative solution for the problems, to leverage cr eativity and indigence the higher plateau of thinking, to help of perception, habits and attitudes will get changed and can find solution the most difficult problems.Negative ArgumentLloyds TSB and HBOS may have different motives on perception going such as increasing market share, achieving economic of scale, entering new market, acquiring new technologies, warding off threats of hostile takeover and diversification. Different perception might cause the failure in Merging.4.2.2 The Nature of work activitiesLloyds TSBHBOSIts main business activities areRetailCommercial and corporate banking ecumenic insurance and lifePensions and investment provision.The HBOS Groups products and services can be categorized into the following businessdivisionsRetailCorporateInsurance InvestmentStrategy InternationalTreasury and Asset Management.Positive ArgumentThe merge of Lloyds TSB and HBOS were similar nature of working activities so there is no much changes of the organizations business or act ivities. In might change in the staffs working activities such as changing department, office and so on. With this change, staffs will beneficial in changing new working environment where some of the staff had feel bored, inefficiency with the current position. Secondly, staffs are able to learn new skills in the new working place.Negative ArgumentChange nature of activities will change characteristics, beliefs, values, and expectations. Some of the staff will have demanding in the salaries, position, rewards and so on. Besides that, changes a persons nature of working activities might negate time because the person might not have the skills or confident with the department they change it need to take time to learn.4.2.3 Role ConflictLloyds TSBHBOSAnd despite its b wishing horse logo, Lloyds TSB is more of an old nag, following the market and compensable poor rates to long-standing customers.Lloyds TSB, on the other hand, markets decent-sounding accounts to new savers but then cl oses them, often paying dreadful rates of interest to those still stuck in them.In Lloyds TSBs subsidiary Cheltenham Gloucester has complicated accounts which dock interest when you take money out or limit you to a certain number of withdrawals a year from an easy gateway account.Halifax has a reputation as an innovator when it comes to savings accounts its behavior can still hark back to its building society roots as it balances the interest of savers and borrowers.For instance, Halifax was among the first to offer a regular savings account paying a top rate of interest. Halifax makes a great effort to persuade its savers to move from old accounts to better-paying ones, and has been a leader in trying to reunite savers with old, bury accounts.Positive ArgumentRole is an important process functional in an organization. May increment efficiency in process and product and services and gain competitive advantage in banking industry.Negative ArgumentChanges in role for both organiz ations will have negative impact such as inefficiency structure, lack process, take longer time than previously, and change in new rules and regulation and so on.4.2.4 Departmentalism and specializationLloyds TSBHBOSLloyds TSB Corporate Markets is one of the UKs leading providers of corporate banking, supporting businesses with an one-year turnover in excess of 15m.We provide specialized financing to a range of industry sectors. Some of these services includeCash management and payments, remote exchange and risk management,Loans and bonds,Trade finance,Structured investments.It is about integrating business activities so that HBOS acts as a good corporate citizen and meets the expectations of its stakeholders colleagues, customers, shareholders, Government, the media and society. Included amongst the activities that HBOS aim to integrate areMarketplace products, financial literacy, inclusion promoting the interests of shareholders and customers dealing fairly with suppliers.Emplo yment total reward, diversity, wellbeing how HBOS aim to attract and retain the best workforce.Community connection investment, volunteering, sponsorship how HBOS manage our relationship with society in general.Environment responsible resource stewardship, etc. managing organizational environmental impacts in effect.Positive ArgumentDepartmentalism and specialization is a structures and the performance of the respective firms. By working in departmentalism and specialization, the staff in Lloyds TSB and HBOS are able to work efficiently through their skills, knowledge, professional and interest.Negative Argument bereavement on departmentalism and specialization, the organization will not perform well, loss on business profit, lack of efficient, organization collapse, in a mess daily function and so on.4.2.5 Limited ResourcesLloyds TSBHBOSBranches 1,900Employees 70,000Customers 16 millionSavings Lloyds is the UKs fourth largest saving provider.Retail saving balance 65 billionR evenue 18 billion (2007)Profit 4 billion (2007)Branches 1,100Employees 72,000Customers 22 millionSavings HBOS is the market leaderRetail saving balance139 billionRevenue 21,291 million (2007) in operation(p) income 5,149 million (2007)Profit 4,109 million (2007)Positive ArgumentMergers and acquisitions generally succeed in generating cost efficiency through the implementation of economies of scale. It may also lead to tax gains and can even lead to a revenue enhancement through market share gain. With refer to the acquisition Lloyds TSB could achieve cost saving from the 1.5 billion a year.Negative ArgumentIn order to achieving revenue and cost synergies, Lloyds TSB and HBOS will face the conflict problems such as reduces 20,000 redundant staff, 164 branches network to close.4.3 Conflict challenges faced between Lloyds TSB and HBOS are as followsLloyds TSBHBOSJob insecurity due to recessionFinancial crises in the marketSearching for new investors bustling decision on merging with HB OSFinancial crisisFund raising from the whole sale marketMisleading interviewClearing the picture about the organization5.0Nature of Organizational Change in Lloyds TSB and HBOSIs refers to the overall nature of activities, such as their extent and rate, that occurs during acquisition that aims to enhance the overall performance of the organization. The activities are often led by a change agent, or person before long responsible to guide the overall change effort. The activities are often project-oriented and geared to address a current overall problem or goal in the organization. Besides that, organizational change also involve in external and internal environment of an organization is in a state of constant change. The organization has to re-adjust itself to this changing scenario in order to sustain competitive advantage in the market.5.1 External forces of changeExternal forces of change create from outside the organization. This is because these forces have global personal ef fects they may cause an organization to question the essence of what business it is in and the process by which products and services are produced. in that respect are four key external forces for change such as demographic characteristics, technological advancements, market changes, and accessible and political pressures.5.2 Internal force to changeInternal forces to change are come from inside the organization. These forces may be subtle, such as low morale, or can manifest in outward signs, such as low productivity and conflict. Internal forces for change also come from both human resource issues and managerial behavior.5.2.1Human Resource issuesThis issues stem from employee perceptions about how they are treated at job and the match between individual and organization needs and desires.5.2.2Managerial Behavior immoderate interpersonal conflict between managers and their subordinates is a sign that change is needed. Both the manager and the employee may need interpersonal skil ls training, or the two individuals may plain need to be discriminated.5.3 The stage of Organizational Change in Lloyds TSB and HBOSAccording to Robbins (2003), a well-known approach to managing change, that requires people to go through three separate processes, is called Lewins Three-Step Change Model. Lewin developed the threestage model of planned change which explained how to initiate, manage, and stabilize the change process. The three stages are unfreezing, changing, and refreezing (p. 564).Figure 3 Movement of an organization from a status quo to a desired stateThe first transition step is unfreezing, requires a personnel to say goodbye to the way things used to be. The managers essential understand that their employees are being asked to give up tasks and processes that have made their previous successful in the past and all the emotional and resistance factors will kick in if enough time is not allotted for this step. The second step is fecal matter, when eachone shif ts into neutral. The employees in the organization may have given up their old ways of accomplishing tasks, but they may not quite ready to start using the new process. Employees may seem a slight uncomfortable and there is often confusion. Managers have to manage movement step carefully if not the staffs may try to revert back to the old process. A comparison for unfreezing and movement differences is provided at below. The final step is refreezing, when everyone moves forward and starts accomplishing tasks in the new manner. Again, the great care must be taken when managing this step to identify resistance and prevent personnel from going back to the original process.Figure 4 The differences between unfreezing and movementTable (a) An organization before the change the Change Group is abeyant(b) ONanotechnology An overviewNanotechnology An overviewAbstractNanotechnology has been an important scientific topic for future studies since 1959. Nano derives from the Greek word nanos me aning a overtop, term strickly for size and not chemical composition. According to recent toxicological studies nano jots are any particle less than 100 nm in at least one dimension, classified as natural, anthropogenic or engineered in origin.Nanomaterials are a major trend in medicine. These help take medications in a specific target, this is known as Nanomedicine. other chew over of the impact of toxic nanoparticles is Nanoperniciousness. This later one depends in the future understanding of the perniciousness of nanomaterials depend on technological innovations and scientific results stemming from enhanced search and discovery in nanotechnologies. The communication between different areas in science to aid in the study of nanoparticles risk sagacity, and toxicology. There are international efforts to study nanotoxicology. Therefore there is a high demand for look into, on the effects of nanoparticles. The Amara Law is an advice to that as time pass when valet use the nan otechnology there increase in nanowaste. The interactions between nanoparticles and harmful environmental chemicals may lead to unique images and health risks. The research should focus in the merge between the nanoparticles and the environment. Therefore there are developing laws to be applied for better research the better risk assessment. Regulations for efficiently develop useful and well-planned studies, and future recommendations to manage nanowaste.Nanotechnology is an applied science, growing by the creation of nanoconstructs and the presence of nanoparticles. This derived from nanoscience that is the science of the usage of materials in the nanometer scale. Nanoscience and nanotechnology developing areas of scientific interest in the entire world and have already become key for research and development (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Nanotechnology has been an important scientific topic for future studies since 1959. According to Richard Feynman, Theres Plenty of Room at t the Bottom, a presentation that is possible to manipulate matter at the atomic and molecular scales (Hardman R. 2006). Nanoparticles are nanotechnology products, these accumulate creating waste. Nanoparticles are necessary for new medical advances. Studies are currently being make as a result of their impact to the environment. Therefore another subsection of nanotechnology emerges nanotoxicology. There is high demand for studies in risk assessment have led to cross communication among physical science and biological science scientists, and recent laws and regulations regarding these small particles.These nanomaterials have novel properties, and a great probable in becoming biologically active, that can lead to a environmental contamination (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). Nanotechnology the enabling technology, that involves materials at the nanoscale. Nano derives from the Greek word nanos meaning a dwarf (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). The term Nano is strickly to size and not che mical composition in terms of nanoparticles (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). According to recent toxicological studies nanoparticles are any particle less than 100 nm in at least one dimension, classified as natural, anthropogenic or engineered in origin (Moreira S et al. 2009 ) , (Kanno S et al. 2007), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009),( BruB K et al. 2007),(Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). Because of the small size these particles are toxic, as a result of their greater surface area. Their toxicity of stiff widely unknown and still poses concerns, due to the peculiar characteristics of materials in the nano-size range (Kanno S et al. 2007), (Bregoli L et al. 2009). The most common nanoparticles present in the environment are combustion derived nanoparticles, from an anthropogenic source (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Bregoli L et al. 2009). Nanoparticles are incorporated in many products from pharmaceuticals to catalysts. As an example, in 2002 an indium tin oxide nanopowder manufacturing faci lity was launched by Samsung, used in the production of flat panel displays based on liquid crystals. Therefore the silver nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes now have the widest range of applications (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Balbus J et al. 2007). The expansion of the nanotechnology, resulted in further classification of nanoparticles in size, shape, charge, chemistry, coating and solubility (Elliott KC. 2007). Some examples of nanoconstructs are carbon nanotubes, fullerene, carbon derivative, quantum dots, and manufactured nanoparticles.Fullerene Nano degree centigrade60 Started since 1985 these are constitute of 60 carbon atoms named Buckyballs o fullerenes, this discovery from Buckminster Fuller (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). This nanoparticle induces lipid peroxidation, this fit to a study in fish. The investigation included that it also induces oxidative stress, and upregulate genes colligate to the inflammatory response and metabolism, and that nanoC60 releases oxyradicals in in vitro systems, or act as an oxyradical scavenger (Zhu S et al. 2006). These carbon materials including nanotubes are popular in consumer products since 2006 according to the Nanotechnology Consumer Products Inventory (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). Carbon Nanotubes and Asbestos Started since 1991, these were synthesized, found to be 100 times stronger than steel. The unusual heat and conductivity characteristics of the nanotubes are important to further developing of new technology (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Both asbestos and carbon nanotubes are consider to have major carcinogenic potential, they both act as needles to the cell membranes and cell walls (Moreira S et al. 2009). The asbestos fibers die lengthwise been in a size smaller than the nanosized particles.Quantum Dots QD These are the semiconductor nanocrystals with special properties applied in biomedical imaging and electronics industries. Because some these have fluorescent fixture properties for biomedical imaging, also there are targets specific biologic events and cellular structures, such as peroxisomes, DNA and cell membrane receptors (Hardman R. 2006). This aids drug speech and the advance in nanomedicine. For example, Nano selenium is one of the major components of Quantum Dots outer covering, there is a study in Makala Fish that studies the concentrations of micro and nano selenium in the liver and Muscle. However the compound of selenium such as Sodiumselenite, Selenomethinine, and methylselenocysteine have greater toxicity impact than elemental nanoselenium(Li H et al. 2008). Then nanoparticles had a greater coverage. construct Nanoparticles -Titanium Dioxide and Silver Nanoparticles Silver particles are use in fridges to avoid growth of saprophytic bacteria and fungi. These particles behave as copper nanoparticles, these nano-biocides can become even cheaper in the next few historic period. Another nano-biocide is titanium dioxide used to protect glazing. There are studies that focus in Titanium Dioxide.These nanomaterials have greater access to the micrometer size pores in plants since nanoparticles have a greater possibility of fitting through micropores, then this allows an accumulation in the xylem structure, eventually blockade the tenacity and disturbing or destroying the function of the xylem (Seeger EM 2009). The willow tree study presented that before the nanoparticles get through the xylem pores, there is some sedimentation then blocking the passage through the micropores (Seeger EM 2009). Consequently, more studies are required this TiO2 is in contact with humans through the sunscreen, according to a british study done in 1997 contribute to the formation of free radicals in skin cells and in this way damage DNA. This can result in mutations further leading to modifications of the structure and function of proteins (Piotrowska G et al. 2009).Combustion Derived Nanoparticles CDNP Nanoparticles area a threat when inhaled, because of the lar ge surface area they are linked to health effects and respiratory toxicity h. These combustion-derived nanoparticles are thought to be the most potent component of the air pollution cocktail (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Bregoli L et al. 2009), (Elliott KC. 2007). Their toxicology is used to predict the health outcomes in humans following exposure to manufactured nanoparticles, there is necessary to understand the toxicity to reduce occupational and environmental exposure (BruB K et al. 2007). These emissions are considered to be carbon based aerosols nanoparticles as a result of incomplete combustion, as well as lead compounds. Because of these cars are equipped with catalysts, a couple of years ago platinum nanoparticles, with dimensions in the range 0.8-10 nm, are released from car catalysts during their life-time. Then newer catalysts were introduced by pioneering company Mazda. Not long ago is found that additions to fuel of atomic number 13 or Aluminium Trioxide nanoparticle s, aids to the fuel properties (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). The detrimental health effects of inhaling fine aerosols were recognised as early as the 4th light speed BC (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). Since this being acknowledge various attempts to minimize exposure have been done. These particle size of aerosols are known to influence the deposition arena in the lungs and translocation potential to the organs, e.g. the inhalable fraction (which can enter the respiratory tract), the thoracic fraction (capable of penetration to the airways below the larynx, smaller than 10 lm) and the respirable fraction (particles smaller than 4 lm) penetratingbeyond the ciliated airways to the gas exchange region of the lung (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Regular particles put on upper respiratory tract, fine particles affect lower respiratory tract, and ultrafine particles or nanoparticles affect distal respiratory tract. The nanoparticles get stuck to the alveoli and cause problems. Current and historical epidemiological and toxicological investigations with airborne nanoparticles are viewed as the pioneering nanoparticle for the expansion nanotoxicology, the major portal of opening into the human body for nanoparticles is via inhalation into the respiratory system (BruB K, et al 2007).Nanoparticles come in contact with the skin, then transported to the lymph nodes, then most are excreted via feces. some other ways for these tiny particles to get in are by blood circulation then these end up in the liver, and from there are distributed throughout every organ in the living organisms (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Li C et al. 2009) . The skin is the great barrier against the nanoparticles for the new medicine the only way the particles enter the body effectively is through injection, for rapid release. The nanomaterials develop for medicinal purposes have been under development for many years.Nanomaterials are a major trend in medicine, the se help deliver medications in a specific target, this is known as Nanomedicine (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Balbus J et al. 2007). Some of the nanomedicines have a combine of properties for example a useful combine of lipophilicity and hydrophilicity so that they have some solubility in an aqueous environment, but are sufficiently hydrophobic to partition through membranes. These properties mean that they distribute all over the body fairly rapidly via the circulation and by diffusion through tissues and cells (Garnett M, and Kallinteri P. 2006) , (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). Nanomedicines must be well tested before they enter in the hands of consumers. These enter the environment and have ecotoxicological effects therefore a new subsection of Nanoscience have emerged Nanotoxicology. The study of the impact of toxic nanoparticles, or patently Nanotoxicity. This is more complicated than expect, therefore there is a great need for further investigation for fundamental research and practical applications of nanomaterials. Therefore, further supportive and extended researches are warranted the study of the interactions of nanostructures with biological systems with an emphasis on elucidating the relationship between the physical and chemical properties (e.g. size, shape, surface chemistry, composition, and aggregation) of nanostructures with induction of toxic biological responses (Moreira S et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Balbus J et al. 2007), (Hardman R. 2006).Nanotoxicological research is in its infancy and the implementation of test standards and commercialisation of appropriate safeguard control systems can take several years (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007), (Marquis B et al. 2009) . The future understanding of the toxicity of nanomaterials depend on technological innovations and scientific results stemming from enhanced research and discovery in nanotechnologies, and conventional knowledge about exposure assessment, fate and transp ort, and current computer models is not necessarily applicable to nanoparticles(Balbus J et al. 2007), (Elliott KC. 2007), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007), (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). The improved study methods for rapid testing and efficient nanotoxicity assessments. Because there is a need to study the potential of nanoparticles to carry toxic chemicals that are man made or those found in the environment. For example fullerenes or nanoCarbon60 is a major threat to marine or aquatic ecosystems, these particles are insoluble in water system (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007) . This C60 is mixed with Tetrahydrofuran that is use as a vehicle solvent. The combination generates a yellowish adjacent C60. This is the main reason why there is potential that toxicity result from the presence of THF in between the adjacent nanoC60 and THF abjection products (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). There is a need for more research other than the traditional invitro using tissue samples but the actual use of in vivo organisms to study the life motorcycle of nanoparticles. The In vitro toxicity assessment faster, cheap, and minimum honest concers. In another hand, in vivo life cycle is accurate in assessing nanotoxicity. This life cycle study is base in the different characterizations of the nanoparticles, and relation with the environment where exposed (Fisher HC, and Chang WC 2007), (Marquis B et al. 2009). The nanoparticles have an important role in driving cellular responses related to oxidative stress, so extracellular levels should also be considered (Elliott KC. 2007), (Balbus J et al. 2007), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). Therefore, new studies permit the mapping the effect of the toxicity of nanostructure, allowing for the development of predictive models of nanostructure toxicity. However, because of ethical regulations the transition animal to humans still far, as a result of ethical laws and regulations regarding human testing, if allowed nanotoxicology could greatly improve the degree of confidence on the safety of nanomaterials for diagnostic and/or therapeutic strategies in humans (Bregoli L et al. 2009) . Further studies lead to required information so responsible regulatory decisions could be made. patronage this increase in the prevalence of engineered nanomaterials, the field of nanotoxicology has formed in response to this lack of information to be applied when conducting research studies (Bregoli L et al. 2009), (Fisher HC, and Chang WC 2007), (Marquis B et al. 2009). Nanotoxicology is dependent of analytical methods for future classifications of nanomaterials as well as their effects on in vitro and in vivo studies (Marquis B et al. 2009). Moreover, there is currently a small do of investigation dealing with the impact of toxicity of nanoparticles. There is a future focus on nanoparticles toxicity in the molecular level leading to cellular oxidative stress. The technology boom raises an important q uestion what is being done to address the environmental risks associated with nanotechnology (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Garnett M, and Kallinteri P. 2006).So Nanotoxicologists could build a program to evoke a safe and profitable nanotechnology (Elliott KC. 2007). The promotion of safe nanotoxicology started by a specific sub classification of nanoparticles, for example Quatum Dots. These are sub classified by inherent physical, and chemical properties, and environmental impact the particle size, functional groups, and oxidative properties to establish the toxicity (Hardman R. 2006). The safe nanotechnology is achieve by following the main causes of nanoparticle toxicity (1) Due to chemical toxicity of materials from which they have been made. (2) Due to their small size nanoparticles may stick to cellular membranes and enter the cells. (3) Due to their shape e.g. carbon nanotubes can easily pierce cell membrane (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). According to Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. in 2007, acknowledge that by June 2005 the International Standard Organization launched a Nanotechnology Committee, that focus in the standardization of the nanotechnologies.In the past there were early warnings against the effects of manufactured nanoparticles from commercial products and new-generation-waste. Therefore new studies are necessary for the recognition of biological effects of nanoparticles in the environment, and creation of the bases of nanobiomonitoring (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). This nanomonitoring must be started before the Nanowaste accumulation that will be present in the near future and reduce ecotoxicological problems.There is a high demand for the appropriated risk assessment, this affecting global organizations in order to protect both their staff, clients, and customers. However, a cross disciplinary communication is required, this in the collaboration of researchers from different disciplines. For example communication between physical chemists that have knowledge in classification of materials, biologist with knowledge of the ecosystems and biological systems, and toxicologist to merge both skills to study the toxicity of these nanomaterials (Balbus J et al. 2007), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). For example analytical chemists in nanotoxicology, help in the classifications of future nanomaterials and particles. Some of their techniques are electron microscopy, this helps to study the accumulation of bioparticles(Marquis B et al. 2009).Then nanotoxicologist benefit from the intergration of both physical and biological sciences.The toxicologists discover that analytical chemists can develop assays that are both sensitive and selective for any species or cell function affected by nanoparticles(Wittmaack K. 2007). There are many scientific disciplines working together to study nanoparticles and their toxicology. Efforts have been internationally for a better assessment with two main groups International Council on Nanotechnology , and the International Organization for Standardization (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). Therefore there is a high demand for research, on the effects of nanoparticles. Since 1990, there is a high implementation of nanotechnologies (Piotrowska G et al. 2009) . The uses of nanotechnology products, these are used in electronics and cosmetics. As an comparative measurement, to consider is that in two grams of 100 nm nanoparticles contains enough to give every human a generous fare of these particles (Hardman R. 2006). There is a beneficial aspect by working with nanoscale technologies, expected to have heavy impact in diverse industries and areas of society like medicine, plastic, energy, electronics, aerospace, and emerging fields.According to Piotrowska G et al. 2009, there is a law imposed by Roy Amara the president of the Institute for the Future, Nanoparticles benefits might be overestimated in the short run, and their effects in the long run such as the ac cumulation of nanowaste might be underestimated. The short term effects are the benefits of the new technology, nanomaterials, and usages of Nanoparticles, no nanowaste present. The long term effects are those that prove to be detrimental to the environment and increase the nanomaterials toxicity. For example time of nanotechnology usage increase Nanowaste increases toxicity. The interactions between nanoparticles and the environmental leads to harmful exposures for the affected ecosystem and living organisms (Balbus J et al. 2007) . As a result of increase in nanowaste. According to the Amara Law, this materials will be around and living organisms exposure is ensure and likely to increase over time (Hardman R. 2006). We must study the physicochemical properties the research should focus on in vivo systems. Nanoconstructs interactions are important to take in consideration for future studies, there is the interactions of biological components such as proteins and cells organelles th at will give clues for the study of the nanocompounds biodistribution. This is important to understand because is the merge between the nanoparticles and the environment to then give specific laws (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007) . There is still a small amount of data regarding the handeling of discarded nanomaterials. Since there is a high demand for research, there is the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) which launched an initiative to test human health and environmental safety of those nanomaterials that are already in use and the nanomaterials that may be developed in the forthcoming years. Consequently the greater amount of research the better risk assessment, therefore is beneficial to study nanoparticles potential impacts on environmental health and safety (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009).There is potential risk o n environmental, health, and safety with these new technology applied in commercialized products. As an example, in the usage of a glass and seat sealant spray Magic Nano, led to hospitalization of an aerosol industry (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007) . There is a high demand for nanotechnological research, these companies should focus in the appropriate toxicology and ecotoxicology for all nanoenabled products. The ecotoxicological hazard is that the nanoparticled accumulate in the soil, air, and surface water. There they last for a long time to be taken up by biological organisms, because they undergo biodegradation or bioaccumulate in the food chain (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency there are nanoparticles contained in cosmetics, such as sunscreens can contaminate water and soil, contributing to their bioaccumulation in the food chain (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007),, (Oberdoerste r G et al. 2005), (Elliott KC. 2007). In addition, this agency works closely with the Toxic Substances Control Act to study the toxicity of nanomaterials. The effects of carbon nanotubes are detrimental to humans and other living things, greater than any other nanoparticle (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). Carbon Nanotubes cause necrosis, degeneration, and apoptosis in the animal and plant cells. These nanoparticles are less biodegradable, and they have a lipophilic property making them easy to cross the cell membrane. Such properties may be associated with a tendency of carbon nanotubes to bioaccumulate (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). .Legal regulations are highly important issues, regarding nanowastes need to be regulated, following the life cycle of the remnants of the nanomaterials. This approach takes the stages of nanomaterials from production, through use, to disposal, which should avoid ma king the nanowaste problem a legacy of nanotechnology (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). This is an improvement after half a hug drug after the introduction of nanoparticles in manufacturing industries, known as the Life Cycle Assessment. Therefore, the companies working with nanotechnologies should keep up-to-date with information about the toxicological studies relevant to their area of RD. (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Currently many international institutions are collecting results regarding nanomaterials. Since all this collection of results proves beneficial since these toxicological and ecotoxicological studies on nanomaterials effect to the environment and health are expensive and have a great deal of length. This iniciative is known as ICON International Council of Nanotechnology. The University of California, has provided some surveys and research, to this international collection of nanomaterials research, this includes the Safety of Nano-Mate rials Interdisciplinary interrogation Centre, which conducts toxicological and epidemiological studies (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007).There is plenty room for further reaseach.Conclusion and RecommendationsNanotechnology an emerging science, from anthropogenic and natural sources for example ash from volcanoes. Other natural occurring nanoparticles biogenic magnetite, from bacteria to protozoa to animals this associated with neurodegenerative diseases. As nanomaterials are used for manufacture industries, there is a need for accurate, and responsible nanotoxicological evaluation. Resources and funding for the study should be from government and pioneering industries. The studies will further help to sort and create regulations for risk evaluations, this information should be influenced from previous research studies (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). The research on nanotechnology products is necessary to study adverse effects of the engineer nanomaterials to living organisms and the environment. Nanotoxicology is a challenge for research because of different exposure conditions, and biodistribution. This is the movements of materials through tissue, and organisms. As of now, there should be more rules for standardised testing for the assessment of toxicity of the nanomaterials. According to National Toxicology program of 2005 and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of 2003, these have harmful side effects that affect different biological systems and they have a novel properties and risk of exposures is inevitable becoming a concern for humans and the environment (Hardman R. 2006) , (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). A major recommendation, other than more funding and advance research in ecotoxicology and nanotoxicology, is the recycling of nanowaste. This recycling proves beneficial in the reduction of nanowaste independently of the time increase and nanowaste increase direct rela tionship. This recycling needs segregation of used nanoproducts, making them available for future use, in new products. These products if not possible to be recycled bioutilization is need to be used. For example, some species of plants and fungi are hyperaccumulators of heavy metals. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals, radionuclides and other xenobiotics by plants, fungi and microorganisms (e.g. fitoand mycoextraction or biodegradation) is a convenient way of remediation of polluted soils, water and air (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Finally, the emerging development of nanotechnology needs a better reaserch and knowledge in how to bioutilise or recycle the nanowaste.

The Prison Of Puberty :: essays research papers

We the teenagers, of the people, of this world submit this list of injustices and wrong doings that mother nature has laidupon us. She has put us in a horrible prison, the prison of puberty, where our sentence is all of adolescence and our punishmentis to endure the hardship which causes many of the institutionalized personal to crack under the pressure.We protest against acne, a cruel and horrifying thing that occurs to someselected teenagers. This punishment is cruel and undeserving. At times anindividual with this dilemma may experience young children questioning chickenpox are on the ill-fated person. Also the individual has quite a hard time finding a companion to flirt with without utterly humiliating themselves. As the reversal sexdoes not find it desirable to be chatting to a person who has hideous spots on his/her face and this will cause an excuse to be make up with the most famous "excuse me I have to go and wash my hair" One who has this problem may go through m any circumstances that make the individual lose their dignity, self esteem, and pride, but the male prisoners tend to not have these in the first place and will blend on to the next subject with no apparent concernOther unjust routines of the Puberty Prison are the unscheduled growth spurts. These are put on the prisoners willy-nilly and causes the prisoner to feel akward and gangly. This brisk development directs one on a path of buying new pants or in the case of the unlettered cell mate wearing the same pants with your ankles showing.On some occasions this individual might feel taller than peers, but soon the persons colleagues have reached the same peak, and a sense of contentment is contained within the subject.In the male subjects the warden places a horrible, undeserved, and unjustified punishment. Where the inmate has uncontrollable leaps into sounds which only the prison dogs fuck hear. The voice break has caused many inmates heartache and has resulted in many of them taking a vow of silence in fear that they will crack glass.Another undesirable punishment is the gaining of hair in all place of the body for most of the males and heaven forbid even some of the female subjects who have been deprived the right of a shaver. This gain of hair can becomeuncomfortable and disgusting and is an annoyance to many of the subjects. The horrible warden Mother earth also may bring on appetites that are unmanageably colossal.

A Summary and Application of Presence and Resistance: Postmodernism and Cultural Politics in Contemporary American Performance :: Research Papers

A Summary and Application of Presence and Resistance Postmodernism and Cultural Politics in Contemporary American Performance Here it is a book seen from the outside. A book is only a book when seen from the outside. Seen from the inside, a book is not a book, but a train ride at night - Michael Goulish In his book Presence and Resistance, Philip Auslander responds to the claims of many prominent cultural theorists that recent performance has been unable to engage in political reexamine. He argues coeval performance can - and has - mounted a critique of postmodern politics. He holds up performance of the 1980s as an example of politically critical (what he terms immune) performance, claiming it carved a space for political critique by questioning, or reconstructing, the authority of the performers presence. He breaks his argument into twain parts. First, he positions revolting performance of the 1980s inwardly postmodern mass media culture and identifies it as a response to the failure of the 1960s avant-garde. Second, he examines the resistant strategies performers of the 1980s employed to deconstruct presence and mount political critique. He focuses mainly on performers Laurie Anderson, Spalding Gray, and The Wooster Group, and secondarily on comedians Andy Kauffman and Sandra Bernhard to illustrate his points. Part I leave alone summarize Auslanders argument, and Part II will use his insights to discuss Michael Goulishs book, 39 Microlectures in Proximity of Performance, which gains relevance as a resistant text in light of Auslanders analysis. Part I Auslander takes time to situate the performances of the 1980s within the context of postmodern culture before entranceway his main argument on the strategies resistant performance employed. The mediatized, information-saturated, environment of mass media culture, he argues, is paralyzing. Paralysis extends to the political sphere, where even the most vehement political critique is neutralized by the fact that one must participate in the very activity that is being denounced... to denounce it (Jameson qtd. Auslander 23). Auslander acknowledges mechanized cultures carry on on political critique but refuses to accept the conclusions of other major cultural/media theorists that a politically resistant performance aesthetic has not nevertheless been developed, or that performers can only find a voice by rejecting mainstream culture altogether. Instead, he argues that performers of the 1980s succeeded in critiquing postmodern cultural politics and did so, necessarily, from within mediatized postmodern culture. Auslander explains the significance of internal critique, arguing that resistant performance of the 1980s grew from a rejection of the fringe approach of the 1960s avant garde.