Noble Prize in Physics Essay Example for Free

Noble Prize in Physics Essay The Nobel Prize was established in the year 1895 following the honor of Alfred Nobel who was among the chemists considered influential and powerful in the scenes of inventions. It is imperative to note that Nobel Prize in Physics is regarded as a precious award in this field of study and thus its reception comes with a lot of dignity and respect. On the third day of May, the year 1902, a year after the Nobel Prize was first awarded, Alfred Kastler was born. This was in Guebwiller in Alsace where he also studied in his earlier life before he continued further at Oberrrealchile of Colmar. He was later to collect the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1966. Kastler taught for close to five years before furthering his career to higher education by joining Faculty of Science at Bordeaux . He later worked as a lecturer at Clermont_Ferrand for two years, then at Bordeaux again, but this time as a professor for two years. In 1941, George Bruhat asked Alfred to abandon his occupation in Germany and join them in Paris where he was to assist in building physics teaching program at Ecole Normale Superieure. Although the post he was offered was provisional, he did accept to take it. He was later confirmed in 1952 at the Paris Faculty of Sciences when he was allocated an official position. Alfred Kastler is reported to have developed an interest in science in his junior level studies particularly because of his mathematics teachers at that time who greatly influenced his choice. He was later to strengthen his foundation in mathematics when he joined a special mathematics class held by some two influential scientists, Brunold and Mahuet. It was these two who made him secure an entry to the Ecole Normale Superieure. This college offered a rather friendly environment where one could comfortably study to great depth his field of specialization. Bohr’s atom and other interesting concepts of quantum physics were introduced to Alfred by one of his teachers Eugene Bloch. Kastler developed a particular interest in the approach used by Sommerfeld in his analysis of atomic structures and the explanations on the observable spectral lines. Sommerfeld’s book explained the famous principles of conservation of momentum as applied in the investigation of energy exchange processes between atoms and even radiation by A. Rubinowicz. Interpretation of various selection rules for example, for azimuthal quantum number and also polarization in the Zeeman effect are traced to this principle. All the research work carried out by Kastler was also stemmed on this principle. Alfred went ahead and even carried out experiments in attempt to elucidate there exist transverse component of the momentum of photons. These experiments failed since he discovered they never existed. This he realized after appreciating the results obtained by R. Frisch who was his predecessor in this field of study. At the time when Alfred Kastler was appointed to assist professor Pierre Daure back at Bordeaux Faculty of Science, most of his free time was devoted to research work since his duties ten were less strenuous. It was at this time that Professor Daure introduced him into the field of experimental spectroscopy. Alfred studied optical spectrometry specifically, atomic fluorescence and also Raman spectroscopy. During his studies, the luminescence of sodium atoms in the upper atmosphere greatly interested him leading to his discovery of the D line of the twilight sky that could actually get absorbed by the sodium vapor. He also carried out intensive research at Abisko exposing his experiments to prolonged twilight and together with his colleague, Jean Bricard, he demonstrated that D line is polarized. This is indeed justified if this emission mechanism produced by solar radiation is of the optical resonance type. Alfred remained focused and persistent in his research thereby developing a systematic approach to the consequences of the principal of conservation of angular momentum as observed in optical (light) scattering and also in fluorescence. During this process, he realized that optical excitation of atoms and especially when done in steps, was a very interesting method in experimental physics since the operator could at will subject different monochromatic sources of radiation to polarization and then observe the atom rise through successive steps depending on the absorbed increased energy amounts. Many other scientists applied various methods to investigate atoms especially at the fundamental state; something was yet to be done about their excited states. The suggestion to extend investigation methods to the excited states of atoms was made by one renowned scientist, Bitter, who also Kastlers’ former student. It was then that Kastler and Brossel resolved to use â€Å"double resonance method†. This method was a little bit complicated and involved a combination of the already existing methods of analysis; optical resonance and magnetic resonance. Experiments involving â€Å"Double resonance† involved the use of an r. f field of a corresponding frequency to the interval observed in Zeeman splitting. This in turn depolarizes polarized ground state resulting into increased or accelerated optical absorption as controlled using a photodiode. Since Brossel had prior knowledge on the study of exited states which he did back at M. I. T and Kastler was an expert in optical pumping, this was a great boost particularly when it came to combining the two methods. Together, they worked to perfect the methods receiving assistance from young energetic intellectuals from Ecole Normale in Paris. Kastler is also reported to have had very stimulating lectures about this particular field. According to his students, he described atoms and photons in the simplest of ways making them much more interesting than they had imagined, posing new possibilities to be explored further in this field. He considered himself a student and was always eager to be taught and explore new things. No wander he sometimes sat amid the learners keenly following lectures on matrix theory! His analysis in the earlier stages involved the use of mercury atom which he excited optically in the presence of a magnetic field. He observed only selected Zeeman sublevels presented in those exited states. Of significant interest was the observable selection that still existed even in the absence of magnetic field (zero magnetic fields). Alfred also realized that Fermi and Rasetti had used alternating magnetic field in their experiments on excited atoms but never studied resonance phenomenon of the same. It is thus indeed the polarized light which permits this detection using light of the magnetic resonance of the excited states. In the process of applying double resonance by Jean, Alfred showed that are optically excitated using circularly polarized light enabled the transfer of angular momentum to the atoms. The French physicist won the respected Nobel Prize for Physics in 1966. This followed his new discovery, development and implementation of methods used in observing Hertzian resonance within atoms. At that time, he was the professor in charge of Laboratory physics at Ecole Normale Superieure. His research work that saw him earn this award initiated the study of atomic structures in greater depths using emitted radiations from the atoms under excitation by light waves or even radio waves. He actually used â€Å"Optical pumping method† to stimulate atoms from their fundamental state other excited states. This technique is currently utilized to produce spin alignment in a selected gas with specific atoms. For instance, application of circularly polarized light at specific frequencies will initiate transitions from ground state to excited states. The light energy used in the process of stimulating the atoms was greatly re-emitted and thus both maser and laser technologies trace their roots to optical pumping. This technique, though comparatively simple, it is significantly applied in measuring hyperfine splitting effect and even nuclear magnetic moments as exhibited by some suitable atoms. This forms the fundamental principles behind the operation of a low-field magnetometer and also that of an atomic clock. It is also imperative to appreciate that as Alfred and his team was progressing with their research, several foreign teams reported to have achieved excellent results using techniques that were developed by him. They could actually measurements on nuclear quadruple electric moments as observed in alkali metals among many other discoveries. Alfred Kastler spent most of his research time studying ground and also excited states of atoms. This brought him a fat harvest of results especially on the quality of the data he obtained together with his team while studying various parameters of an atom. For instance, their data helped them analyze relaxation processes making them determine precise and exact values of nuclear magnetic resonance in the process. Consequently, they made several discoveries involving high-order perturbations where he demonstrated Hertzian resonance shifts in the act of optical irradiation amongst many other phenomenons. His significant contribution to this field of physics was thus worth rewarding. References L. Allen and J. H. Eberly (1987), Optical Resonance and Two-Level Atoms. Dover Publications, New York Alfred Kastler. (2009). â€Å"Encyclopedia Britannica†. Retrieved April 27, 2009, from http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/313094/Alfred-Kastler A. Kastler. (1967) , Optical methods for studying Hertzian resonance. Science Harald Klepel and Dieter Suter. ( 1992. ) Transverse Optical pumping with polarization-modulated light. Optics Commun. ,

Mans Blinding Greed for money damages his soul Essay -- essays researc

'I want it all-money,fast cars,diamonds rings and champagne.'So says Warren G in his quadruple platinum single 'I want it all'.Hip hop artists profess their love for money through such lyrics.They portray this love through their music videos.Flashy cars,expensive clothing,extravagant locations and money are shown with the utmost ostentation. Young people look up to these musicians as their role models.They believe that those musicians have the perfect lives.You couldn't possibly go wrong with all that money.Or could you?MC Hammer,Toni Braxton and TLC all have one thing in common-they were all bankrupt at some point in their careers.Whitney Houston is a marijuana addict.Do these people have so much money that they don't even know what to do with it?Most musicians xompose their own songs and everyone knows that the best ballads are the ones about broken hearts.Therefore,are musicians really rich inside?Wouldn't we all be if we just looked for the bare necessities in life?Happiness,truth and love. Happiness as defined in the Oxford Dictionary is a feeling of luck,fortune and contentment.Most hip hop artists express their childhoods as miserable experiences because they grew up in the ghetto.But now that they have acquired all this wealth,their lives just couldn't be better.Could they have not made the best out of their childhood,knowing that they were loved and cared for?Weren't they truly happy then without all the material accessories?In my opinion,if you are lucky enough t...

Ill-Fated Love at Centrex Electronics Essay

Case Study Review: Ill-Fated Love at Centrex Electronics 1.In the case it is stated the policy of CEC is â€Å"Employees performing jobs where they have access to sensitive or confidential information which could benefit competitors are prohibited from being married to or from having a romantic relationship with individuals employed by competing organizations† while the CEO stated â€Å"CEC employees are responsible for their own off-the-job behavior. We are concerned with an employee’s off-the-job conduct only when it reduces the employee’s ability to perform normal job assignments.† These two statements contradict each other with the CEO’s acting as an implied policy. The attorney could have used the implied contract exception to the employment-at-will policy. 2.The policy CEC had in place is understandable in highly competitive industries, but in this case the execution of the policy was not handled correct which lead to the wrongful termination suite. It seems that if CEC had given Miller-Canton a time table to make her decision or be terminated it would have given enough conversion regardless of the results for a correct decision to me made. If Miller-Canton had decided to end the relationship with Mike she would have continued working, if she decided on the relationship she could have resigned, and if she couldn’t make a decision it would have been clear why she was terminated. 3.There is no single definition to â€Å"romantic relationship† and depending on one experiences it could equate to dating. Likewise, there is no definitive definition of dating that would be equally be shared by everyone.

Symptoms And Treatment Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - 1649 Words

FASDs are defined as â€Å"an umbrella term describing the range of effects that can occur in an individual whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy† (Caley, Kramer, and Robinson, 2005, p. 139). Alcohol has a teratogenic effect on the brain, and each child inside the uterus is affected differently. FASD is not a clinical diagnosis (Caley et al., 2005). Currently the diagnoses under FASD include fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS), alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND), and alcohol related birth defects (ARBD) (Bertrand, 2009). FAS is considered the most severe of the FASD diagnosis and is compriseds of facial dysmorphia (features that include the narrowing of the eyes, smooth area between the†¦show more content†¦Green (2007) emphasized that FASDs cognitive and behavioral effects can and do develop separately from the physical facial characteristics. Overall, children and adults with FASDs are faceing a lifelong challenge ofwith lifelong, negative effects of the brain and CNS damage. As a result, children with FASD can have a wide range of physical, cognitive, social, mental, and behavioral effects† (Caley et al., 2005). FASDs presents in each person differently. Carpenter (2011) says that â€Å"A number of factors, such as the pattern and timing of alcohol consumption, the stage of foetal development, and social behavioural factors, such as poverty and smoking, may exacerbate the impact of alcohol† (p. 37). In addition to the facial features, other physical effects can include malformations, deficits in motors skills and some children even present with seizures. The cognitive impact can also be very damaging to a child. They can have a learning disability, mental retardation, memory deficits, information processing disorders, a lack of executive functioning skills, can inconsistently perform in abstract and generalizing tasks (they struggle to relate and build upon previous knowledge), and they often lack cognitive flexibility. Executive functioning is important for a student in the classroom. A student needs these skills for paying attention,

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Application of an Analytical Tool Box Design - 2236 Words

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Price and Quantity Demanded of Commodity †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Price and Quantity Demanded of Commodity. Answer: Introduction: The Production Possibility Frontier represent maximum possible output using all the available resources in a nation. Any point on the frontier indicates efficient point of production. Any point inside the frontier shows inefficient production operation while points outside the PPF represents production choice that are not feasible (Rader, 2014). When a country is operating on the PPF, then increasing production of one good must involve decreasing production of some other. The main assumption of PPF are the following The first assumption that using all the resources the country can produce only two goods The resources between the two industries are not perfectly substitutable. The inter-industry transfer of resources thus leads to inefficiency in production (Cowen Tabarrok, 2015). While drawing PPF the technology is assumed to be at a constant level. Two main features of PPF are it is negatively sloped and is concave to the origin. On the PPF increase, production of one good involves sacrifice of output of some other goods. This makes PPF slopes downward. Resources are not perfect substitute (Nicholson Snyder, 2014). Hence, when resources from one industry are shifted to some other industry the inefficiency increases. More the output of one good increases more of some others need to be sacrificed. The increasing opportunity cost make the PPF bowed outward or concave in shape. District D has demand for 3,000 Schmeckt Gut 2.0 and 18,000 Schmekt gut Energy Bars. This is a feasible output combination as indicates a point on the production possibility frontier. However, an increased demand for Schmeckt Gut 2.0 to 4000 along with an increased demand for Schmekt Gut Energy Bar to 20,000 is not a feasible output combination. The increased output of any one of the two product means a decreased production of other. This will be achieved when countries, there is an increase production capacity resulting in an output expansion. One way to achieve this is to make technological advancement so that given amount of resources can result in a higher output. The more efficient use of resources helps to overcome the resource constraint. Other way is to explore new resources. Once new stock of resources is explored then both the product can have a greater amount of resources leading to output expansion for both. Finally, adaptation of specialization technique can increase efficiency of resources contributing to a higher output. District D can use any of the three solution to meet the new demand combination Demand for Energy bars: P = 800 2QD Supply for Energy bars: P = 200 + 1QS At equilibrium, Equilibrium Price The equilibrium price is $400 and equilibrium quantity is 200. If price changes by $1, then new price is $401. The demand function is P = 800 2QD Or, 2QD = 800 P Or, QD = (800 P)/2 The supply function is P = 200 + 1Qs Or, Qs = P -200 Therefore, at price $401, The law of demand suggest that an inverse relation exists between price and quantity demanded of a commodity (Mochrie, 2015). That is, all other things remaining constant, when price increases then demand decreases and vice-versa. When price was $400, then quantity demanded was 200. As price increases by $1, following law of demand, quantity demanded reduces to 199.5. The law of supply states that, all other things remaining constant when price of a good increases then supply should increase and vice versa (Cowen Tabarrok, 2015). By the virtue of law of supply when price increases from $400 to $401, then supply increases from 200 to 201. Reference list Cowen, T., Tabarrok, A. (2015).Modern Principles of Microeconomics. Palgrave Macmillan. Mochrie, R. (2015).Intermediate microeconomics. Palgrave Macmillan. Nicholson, W., Snyder, C. M. (2014).Intermediate microeconomics and its application. Cengage Learning. Rader, T. (2014).Theory of microeconomics. Academic Press.